The Cultural Styled Approach

The Cultural Styled Approach When alluding to etymological collections, Gutiã ©rrez and Rogoff (refered to in Duranti 41) bring up those semantic collections exude from the idea of rehearsing and partaking in the social acts of different social groups.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Cultural Styled Approach explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this specific situation, we comprehend that an individual’s foundation encounters and premiums with respect to a given social gathering is the essential information that sets them up to unravel relational clashes and similarly sets them up to comprehend different types of language (Duranti 41). Social variety is a decent methodology received by Gutiã ©rrez and Rogoff on the grounds that it is an improvement from the deficiency model methodology which essentially pits one culture over the other (Duranti 41). In a progressively liberal sense, the social varieties approach is very unmistakable, as in, it thinks about o ne culture and another, in light of the similitudes and contrasts new societies have comparable to the prevailing society (Duranti 41). These components are installed in semantic collection, as in, dialects can be contrasted and profiled concurring with the likenesses and contrasts they open when contrasted with one another. Additionally, in the investigation of language, this methodology can be very gainful, as in, it better supports the settlement of unknown dialects and societies instead of the shortfall model, in light of the fact that to an enormous degree, the shortage model presented the idea of predominance or mediocrity of a given culture in contrast with another (Duranti 41). In any case, the social methodology of breaking down phonetic collections, received by Gutiã ©rrez and Rogoff (refered to in Duranti 41) additionally has its issues, as in, it very well may be some of the time applied in excessively static manners and comparably, in an excessively straight out way, w ith the end goal that it beats the genuine quintessence of its application. This methodology isn't basically valuable in the general examination of etymological collections in light of the fact that as Gutiã ©rrez and Rogoff (refered to in Duranti) concede: â€Å"Treating social contrasts as characteristics, in our view, makes it harder to comprehend the connection of individual learning and the acts of social networks, and this thus some of the time frustrates compelling help to understudy learning† (40). Interest In breaking down language collections inside different social gatherings, note that interest assumes a major job in the comprehension of different language assortments. Interest is subsequently a significant part of building language collection and it is fundamentally the drive that empowers understudies and others to learn distinctive language segments among different social gatherings (Meyer 109).Advertising Looking for exposition on phonetics? We should check w hether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From this examination hence, we see that interest constructs a person’s premiums, and even absent a lot of push, understudies who are amazingly inquisitive in rehearsing or learning an alternate culture are will undoubtedly learn different features of phonetic collections very quick (Meyer 109). Interest doesn't nonetheless, happen as a special part of language learning, but instead a part of comprehensive getting the hang of; implying that different practices in various societies are likewise learnt all the while and language is only one of them. Interest is in this manner the foundation of all comprehension of language learning (Meyer 109). Enthusiasm for different Places An enthusiasm for different places unquestionably suggests an enthusiasm for different societies in light of the fact that better places hold various societies and dialects. Having an enthusiasm for different spots would really involve rising above geological limits to learn worldwide societies and practices. In any case, it is suitable for Gutiã ©rrez and Rogoff (refered to in Duranti 41) to take note of that there is a natural issue of overgeneralization when various societies are investigated. This is an inalienable issue in semantic investigations (also) in light of the fact that different societies for the most part have slight contrasts in the manner their kin complete their day by day exercises. Regardless of how comparable diverse social gatherings may appear, it turns out to be progressively essential to comprehend the hidden contrasts of these social gatherings, particularly with respect to their language contrasts. An enthusiasm for different places in this way implies an enthusiasm for different societies and subsequently an enthusiasm for language collections. Family Families go about as a reason for the congruity of phonetic collections, as in, etymological characteristics obtained by past ages are typically passed down to more youthful ages. Family thusly goes about as a significant fragment of working up etymological collections since it is the fundamental segment of social practices, since families basically maintain social practices in any case (Gupta 64). In any case, in the examination of family as an essential part of phonetic collections; it is significant comprehend it in eliteness in light of the fact that as Gutiã ©rrez and Rogoff (refered to in Duranti 41) note, it is a significant component of social investigation in light of the fact that as their article notes, there is a peril in over-summing up close to home characteristics and social qualities. Such close to home qualities can be best conceptualized in the family arrangement, and from a more extensive sense; family foundations indicate the misguided judgments of social practices. Family arrangements are in this way very basic in the investigation of semantic collections since families additionally fundament ally characterize the sort of phonetic assortments that are worthy for individuals of a given social foundation. A bunch of different families in this manner go about as the bedrock which etymological assortments are formed.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Cultural Styled Approach explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More People with Different Styles of Speaking Analyzing individuals with various styles of talking is likewise a significant factor of impact in the examination of phonetic collections on the grounds that various styles of talking spoke to by these individuals really speak to the various styles of language assortments (existent inside a given culture). An examination of the different kinds of individuals talking in various styles is in this manner an investigation of various semantic styles and an examination of the different sorts of phonetic collections. It is fundamental to watch various gatherings of language speakers since they ca n clarify the different settings of language assortments existing inside various societies. From a general point of view, the diverse phonetic styles to be dissected additionally give a stage to future scientists (and creators) to think about and break down the different etymological styles existent inside a given culture. The equivalent can likewise be said of the existent social practices. Networks Often, different societies are a portrayal of the acts of various networks enveloping a given culture. Various people group have diverse semantic highlights and accordingly different phonetic collections can be prove as far as syntactic structures, language structure advancement, word request and such like highlights (Benor 3). The equivalent phonetic collections can likewise neglect to apply in different networks, despite the fact that they may basically hail from a similar culture. Additionally, in breaking down social practices with the point of deciding semantic collections, an acce ntuation of shared divisions helps in the comprehension of etymological collections, as in, understudies can have the option to become familiar with the degree of receptiveness inside the network; the segment uniqueness the network has; the proficiency levels; a community’s mutual beginnings and the education levels of the network individuals (Benor 3). These factors consistently go far in understanding the phonetic collections existent inside a given social setting. Land Boundaries Geographical limits inside different social settings will undoubtedly influence how various individuals respond to different semantic collections. Above all, it is basic to take note of that different topographical locales have various tongues and this reality adds up to a move in ideological structure of various individuals inside various geological areas. At the point when examined from a dialectological perspective, we can see that previously, individuals who existed inside various land territo ries uncovered various contrasts in their phonological and morphological organizations and along these lines a distinction was similarly noted in their phonetic collections (Benor 3). In the examination of social etymological collections, it is critical to dive further into the impacts of topographical divisions between various societies since it speaks to varieties in language and conduct which are cotteritorial. Information on Foreign Language Knowledge on unknown dialect is likewise basic in understanding etymological collections since it repeats the promise to grasping different phonetic assortments inside a given social gathering (Ager 5). In a more profound level, information on unknown dialect helps in the comprehension of different language assortments inside a given social setting since it gives a more profound understanding into how a given culture functions and how their kin think (Ager 8).Advertising Searching for article on semantics? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Likewise, if there is proof of data with respect to a given culture (in a record design), and in the language of the said culture, it is anything but difficult to appreciate such reports in their own language when an individual knows about such language. This is a significant instrument in understanding phonetic collections. Ager, Simon. For what reason would it be a good idea for me to become familiar with a language? 2009. Web.10 February. 20

The Importance of Morphemic Analysis in English Learning Essays

The Importance of Morphemic Analysis in English Learning Essays The Importance of Morphemic Analysis in English Learning Paper The Importance of Morphemic Analysis in English Learning Paper Morpheme From Wikipedia, the free reference book Jump to: route, search In phonetics, a morpheme is the littlest segment of a word, or other etymological unit, that has semantic importance. The term is utilized as a component of the part of phonetics known as morphology (etymology). A morpheme is made by phoneme(s) (the littlest etymologically unmistakable units of sound) in communicated in language, and by grapheme(s) (the littlest units of composed language) in composed language. The idea of word and morpheme are unique: a morpheme could possibly remain solitary. One or a few morphemes create a word. A morpheme is free in the event that it can remain solitary (ex: falsehood, cake), or bound on the off chance that it is utilized solely close by a free morpheme (ex: im in unthinkable). Its real phonetic portrayal is the transform, with the distinctive transforms (in-, im-) speaking to a similar morpheme being gathered as its allomorphs. English model: The word unbreakable has three morphemes: un-, a bound morpheme; break, a free morpheme; and - capable, a bound morpheme. un-is additionally a prefix, - capable is a postfix. Both un-and - capable are joins. The morpheme plural-s has the transform - s,/s/, in felines (/k? ts/), however - es,/? z/, in dishes (/d z/), and even the voiced - s,/z/, in hounds (/d z/). - s. These are allomorphs. Regardless of whether a word is separated on every single accessible morpheme is easily proven wrong. Some morphologists deteriorate the words totally as it was framed etymologically while others just break down what there is proof to decay in the cutting edge utilization of the word. The word administrative has either three morphemes: oversee, a free morpheme: ment, a bound morpheme; and - al, a bound morpheme. Or then again, contingent upon the syntactic system, it has two morphemes: government and - al. The word anticipate has either two morphemes: pre-a bound morpheme, and dict a bound morpheme, or one morpheme: foresee a free morpheme. tense, number, perspective, etc, without inferring another word or a word in another linguistic classification (as in the pooch morpheme whenever composed with the plural marker morpheme - s becomes hounds). They convey syntactic data. Allomorphs are variations of a morpheme, e. g. , the plural marker in English is some of the time acknowledged as/ - z/,/ - s/or/ - ? z/Other variations Null morpheme Root morpheme Word stem Morphological examination In normal language preparing for Japanese, Chinese and different dialects, morphological investigation is a procedure of fragmenting a given sentence into a line of morphemes. It is firmly identified with Part-of-discourse labeling, however word division is required for these dialects since word limits are not demonstrated by clear spaces. Acclaimed Japanese morphological analysers incorporate Juman, ChaSen and Mecab. Changing meanings of Morpheme In gennerative language structure the meaning of a morpheme relies intensely upon whether syntactic trees have morphemes as leafs or highlights as leafs. Direct surface to linguistic structure mapping LFG †leafs are words Direct grammar to semantics mapping Leafs in syntactic trees illuminate morphemes: Distributed morphology †leafs are morphemes o Branches in syntactic trees explain morphemes:Radical Minimalism and Nanosyntax - leafs are nano morpho-syntactic highlights Given the meaning of morpheme as the littlest important unit Nanosyntax plans to represent colloquialisms where it is regularly a whole syntactic tree which contributes the littlest significant unit. A model figure of speech is Dont spi lled the beans where the maxim is made out of let the truth out and that may be viewed as a semantic morpheme, which is made out of numerous syntactic morphemes. Different situations where the littlest meaningfull unit is bigger than a word incorporate a few collocations, for example, considering and business knowledge where the words together have a particular importance. The meaning of morphemes additionally assume a noteworthy job in the interfaces of generative sentence structure in the accompanying hypothetical builds; Event semantics that each gainful morpheme must have a compositional semantic importance (a signification), and if the importance is there, there must be a morpheme (invalid or clear). Explain The interface where syntactic/semantic structures are illuminated utilizing words or morphemes with phonological substance. This can likewise be thought of as lexical inclusion into the syntactics See additionally Personal instruments Log in/make account Namespaces Article Discussion Variants Views Read View source View history Actions Search [pic] [pic][pic] Route Main page Contents Featured substance Current occasions Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community entryway Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox What interfaces here Related changes Upload record Special pages Permanent connection Cite this page Print/trade Create a book Download as PDF Printable adaptation Languages Afrikaans Brezhoneg Catala Cesky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Espanol Esperanto Francais Frysk Gaeilge Galego Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Islenska Italiano Kiswahili Kurdi Limburgs Magyar Nederlands ? Norsk (bokmal)? ? Norsk (nynorsk)? Novial Plattduutsch Polski Portugues Romana Runa Simi Scots Simple English Slovencina/Slovenscina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Turkce Veneto Walon This page was keep going altered on 31 May 2011 at 04:45. Content is accessible under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; extra terms may apply. See Terms of Use for subtleties. Wikipediaâ ® is an enrolled tradema rk of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. a non-benefit association. Reach us Privacy strategy About Wikipedia Disclaimers [pic] |We engage you to utilize this data in settling on sound instructional choices to improve understanding results. | Essentials for Reading Success [pic] |Components of Reading | |Reading research in the course of the most recent 20 years has recognized the basic abilities that understudies must gain right off the bat in perusing | |development to guarantee that they can peruse at grade level by third grade. These aptitudes are in the regions of phonemic awareness,| |phonics, familiarity with understanding content, jargon, and understanding appreciation. The advancement of these aptitudes is basic to | |getting looking great so far in perusing, and we can start to survey them as right on time as kindergarten. Understudies who linger behind in| |the advancement of these abilities in early primary school are at risk for not having the option to peruse at grade level by third | |grade. |Types of Assessment | |Assessment is the way toward gathering information for the motivations behind indicating and confirming issues, and making instructional| |decisions about understudies. Evaluation might be formal or casual and is directed through an assortment of techniques: record | |reviews, meetings, perceptions, and testing. There are three kinds of appraisals that are normally used to advise | |instruction: screening, progress observing, and analytic measures. |Layers of Instruction | |Assessment is the way toward gathering information for the motivations behind determining and checking issues, and making instructional| |decisions about understudies. Appraisal might be formal or casual and is directed through an assortment of strategies: record | |reviews, meetings, perceptions, and testing. There are three kinds of evaluations that are ordinarily used to educate | |instruction: screening, progress observing, and demonstrative measures. | Elements of Effective Instruction [pic] Top notch perusing guidance fuses the five parts of perusing conveyed through a cognizant instructional structure. Research has over and again showed the significance of starting guidance that incorporates the five basic segments of perusing: Phonological Awareness, Phonics, Fluency, Vocabulary, and Comprehension. To be best, the five basic segments should be educated unequivocally inside study halls that are firmly positive and drawing in, use composing exercises to help proficiency, and give understudies numerous chances to peruse intriguing content and complete genuine perusing and composing assignments. Educators ordinarily follow a center perusing educational plan to direct guidance in entire and little gathering settings. Little gathering guidance ought to be individualized to mirror the instructional needs of the understudies. Singular understudy needs are controlled by formal screening and progress checking appraisals, homeroom evaluations, and instructor perceptions. The objective is to utilize data from various sources to aggregate understudies such that makes guidance in basic perusing aptitudes generally productive. For more data on the substance and grouping for conveyance of these please observe Components of Reading. How to Differentiate Instruction [pic] What is Differentiated Instruction? Separated Instruction is coordinating guidance to address the issues of individual students. The instructor shapes little, adaptable teacherâ€led instructional gatherings dependent on understudy information and perceptions. The instructor bunches understudies with comparable instructional needs, constraining the size of the gathering dependent on the force of guidance required. The concentration and organization of perusing aptitudes guidance changes with the ability level of the understudies. How regularly and to what extent the instructor meets with every little gathering changes relying upon understudy needs. Understudies who are more in danger should meet all the more every now and again and for longer periods. This little gathering focused on expertise guidance supplements and fortifies high caliber and steady beginning understanding guidance. When is Differentiated Instruction Implemented? Separated Instruction is executed during the 90+ moment understanding square. Entire gathering guidance is given utilizing the center perusing educational program as a guide, and is generally followed b

Herbal Supplements Used for Social Anxiety

Herbal Supplements Used for Social Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Therapy Print Herbal Supplements Used for Social Anxiety By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 26, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 13, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children BSIP / UIG / Getty Images Herbal supplements are sometimes used to help relieve anxiety. Below is a list of some of the more popular herbal supplements that may be used in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD). While herbal supplements are not a substitute for evidence-based treatments for SAD, you may find that they help with particular symptoms. Herbal Supplements Commonly Used to Relieve Anxiety The following supplements are often used in an attempt to ease the symptoms of SAD. Chamomile If you live in North America, you are probably most familiar with chamomile in the form of tea. Most people who drink chamomile tea do it before bed for the calming and sedating effects that are traditionally thought to be induced by the drink.?? At present, scientific research evidence is lacking to support any anti-anxiety properties of this herbal supplement. Kava Kava There is some clinical evidence that kava kava is helpful for problems with anxiety.?? However, due to concerns over the potential for liver damage, several countries have released safety warnings or banned this supplement. If you are using or plan to use kava kava, consult with your doctor. Kava kava is not recommended if you have liver disease, liver problems, or you are taking medications that affect the liver. Passion Flower Passion flower is a climbing vine native to southeastern North America. The flowers, leaves, and stems of the plant are used to create the herbal supplement, which has shown some promise for use in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and nervous disorders.?? How Passion Flower Is Used for Social Anxiety Rhodiola Rosea Rhodiola rosea differs from most herbal supplements in that the plant, also known as golden root or arctic root, thrives in dry and cold climates such as Siberia. Rhodiola rosea is known as an adaptogen, which means that it is believed to increase resistance to stress. St. Johns Wort St. Johns Wort is a popular herbal supplement used primarily in the treatment of mild to moderate depression.?? Although its use in the treatment of anxiety appears to be on the increase, more evidence is needed to support the effectiveness of the herb for this purpose. How Is St. Johns Wort Used for Social Anxiety? Valerian Root Valerian root has been used for thousands of years as a remedy for sleep problems, digestive problems, nervous disorders, and other ailments. Today it is primarily used as a sleep aid.?? Not enough scientific evidence supports the use of valerian root in the treatment of anxiety disorders. However, anecdotal reports indicate that it promotes feelings of calmness and reduces nervous tension and stress. How Is Valerian Root Used for Social Anxiety? Winter Cherry Also known as ashwagandha or Indian ginseng, winter cherry has historically been used to increase resistance to physical and emotional stress. The Effectiveness of Supplements for Social Anxiety If you are considering taking herbal supplements to treat social anxiety disorder (SAD), it is important to know that little scientific evidence exists to support the effectiveness of these alternative medicines for the treatment of anxiety. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not regulate the production of herbs and supplements. Most herbs and supplements are not thoroughly tested; and there is no guarantee regarding the ingredients or safety of the products. You should discuss the use of herbal supplements with your doctor, particularly if you are taking other medications or receiving other forms of treatment. Alternative medicines should be considered complementary to treatments proven effective for SAD such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).?? The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

French Consonants - Information and Pronunciation

Predicative Adjectives in English Grammar

An Essay on the Presidential Candidates of 2000 Free Essays

When examining the candidates for the 2000 Presidential election, it becomes very clear that the only logical choice for President is Al Gore. Gore has many plans for his presidency that will greatly improve the way our country works and runs. First of all, Gore wishes to reform the way in which elections are run, and attempt to sever the omnipresent link between money and political influence, thus providing more fair elections. We will write a custom essay sample on An Essay on the Presidential Candidates of 2000 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another plan of Gore†s is to set aside 400 billion dollars especially for Medicare, and to make sure the money is not used for other purposes, thereby improving the lives of both the elderly and the less fortunate. In order to better the lives of all citizens and provide for more safety, Gore also wishes to close the so-called â€Å"gun show loophole† that allows consumers to bypass the Brady Bill. Lastly, to better equip the children of today for the world of tomorrow, Gore intends to reform education by providing preschool for all children, and making college tuition tax deductible. The first of Al Gore†s many changes he has in store for our country could possibly be the most important one. Gore seeks to change the very way we decide on and elect our officials who run the country, and he intends to do so in a way that ensures a more fair and equal election. What is the key to this electoral equilibrium? Money. For a long time people and political analysts have noticed a certain trend coinciding with a candidate†s political influence and how much money he has at his disposal. Traditionally, the candidates with more money get more exposure to the public, get more high influence individuals and agencies backing them up, and therefore end up with more votes than those candidates with less cash. Severing this link between politics and money would be a wonderful change for our country. One of the main ways in which Gore intends to increase equality among presidential candidates is to ban â€Å"soft money. † Soft money is money contributed to a candidate by companies or individuals in order to boost their campaign. In place of this money, Gore intends to establish a tax-free foundation to fund campaigns, thereby supplying each candidate with the same amount of money to campaign with as he/she pleases. This fund will accept tax-deductible donations from companies and individuals, and then give each candidate their equal share. It is estimated that this foundation, called the Democracy Endowment, will raise 7. 1 billion dollars within a seven year period, while only suffering a loss of 2. 1 billion in taxes. This equal-endowment plan will even the playing field for the candidates, and give each an equal opportunity to campaign. In addition to equal campaign funding, Gore supports the idea of allowing each candidate an equal amount of free air time on television to campaign with. This, too, will give each candidate an equal chance to be heard, independent of how much money he/she has. These proposals, among his others, will help to sever the link between money and political influence, change the way elections are run, and provide for more fair elections. Another major problem that plagues millions of Americans today is the issue if Medicare. Medicare is the government health insurance program for the elderly, and provides care for about 40 million seniors annually. In recent years, much attention has been called to this program regarding its coverage. The general sense is that Medicare is not adequately insuring its seniors. One cause of this decline in coverage is the money allotted to Medicare. Many times, when other projects start to run over their budget, the politicians â€Å"dip into the cookie jar,† and take small amounts here and there from the Medicare stash, leaving our seniors with less than adequate medical coverage. Gore wants this to stop. His plan that he wishes to implement sets aside 400 billion dollars strictly for Medicare, and ensures that this money cannot be used for other purposes. This will mean guaranteed improvement of the medical treatments and attention those covered will receive. In addition to the 400 billion dollars, Gore has plans for a 253 billion dollar, 10 year program to add a prescription drug benefit to further aid Medicare users. These programs will definitely improve the living conditions of what is fast becoming the largest percent of the American population. Gore does not stop at improving living conditions for the elderly. He recognizes many ways of raising the quality of life for all US citizens, one of them being in the area of safety. In an effort to make our country a safer place to live, Gore intends to close the so called â€Å"gun show loophole† that essentially allows consumers to buy assorted weapons and handguns without waiting periods or background checks, completely bypassing the Brady Bill. A report released by the Justice Department found that felons illegally bought weapons at gun shows in 46 percent of the 314 cases it studied, and the weapons used in the 1999 shooting at Columbine High School in Colorado were purchased at a gun show in Denver. Closing this loophole would mean fewer weapons in the hands of people who shouldn†t have them, and therefore safer places to live everywhere. It would be foolish not to enact this change, therefore making it foolish not to vote for Gore. The last key issue on which Gore has many great ideas has more impact on the future than any of his other plans. This issue deals with education. Over the last 20 years, spending on education has risen 62 percent, yet we have experienced a 7 percent decline in enrollment. Studies have shown that giving children a good educational start in the beginning is an excellent way to aid their future in the education department. That is precisely why Gore wants to provide preschool to all children. Giving them a solid start in their earliest years instills the basic principles of behavior and learning skills necessary to be successful in the education system. But, of course, learning skills can only get you so far once you reach the college level. All too often, bright young students do not get to attend college due to a lack of sufficient funds. This is a contributing factor to the difficulty of breaking the chain of poverty. Gore recognizes this, and plans to make college tuition tax deductible. This will soften the blow of tuition check on the lower class families, and allow a greater variety of students from all sorts of backgrounds to further enrich their minds. By doing this, the future of our country will brighten tremendously, as we will have a multitude of new, brilliant minds at work everyday. Education truly is an investment in the future, and Gore knows how to ensure profitable returns. By examining these key points in Gore†s plans for the country, It is obvious that he has the welfare of all citizens on his mind, and that his plans would effectively improve the way our country runs. With that in mind, Gore seems to be the only logical choice for President of the United States. How to cite An Essay on the Presidential Candidates of 2000, Essays

Implementing and Improving Processes

Question: Using the two paragraphs shown below as a starting point, write an essay that demonstrates how both Benchmarking and Lean Six Sigma can be used by organisations to facilitate change in their business processes to enhance and sustain their competitive advantage. In your essay you need to discuss the following: a. What are Benchmarking and Lean Six Sigma? b. How can both be applied to business process change? c. How have organisations actually used one or both to improve their processes? (Case Studies) d. How could you apply Benchmarking and/or Lean Six Sigma to your current organisation or to an organisation you know well to identify business process change improvements? Answer: Introduction: Benchmarking in an organization plays an important role for improving the competitive aspects of an organization. The organizations use this tool to determine customer service, cost, quality, flexibility and delivery of services. Benchmarking acts as a platform for comparing a set of companies with the best in class companies for achieving superior utilization of the resources and excel in terms of performance. It can be used as a reliable tool for a gradual and continuous measure for improvement. It acts an important educational base which provided the organization with the chance to learn from past mistakes and aim for a sustainable growth (Brue 2015). The conceptualization of six sigma technique was first introduced by Motorola in the year 1987 in order to improve the quality aspect of their service. The concept of lean six- sigma incorporates combination of the six sigma outcomes with the lean speed of a value chain. The fundamental principle of six- sigma is to focus on both the quality and speed of service delivered by any manufacturing organization. The purpose of this study is to show the extensive possibilities in terms of improvements in business process change by combination of both benchmarking and lean six- sigma techniques. The studies also show the application of the stated research methodology in various organizations and learn about their business transformation process. The process of change in a business is implied as a result of change in tools and techniques, research and development tactics adopted by the managers (Rigby and Bilodeau 2015). Discussion According to Meybodi (2013), Benchmarking is a practice which when applied to a business results in significant improvement in the performance of a company. The best application of this is mainly seen in organization which deals with operations and sales. The main basis of criteria is to relate the performance of best organizations in a specific sector of the industry and learning about the various process related to that particular organization, the organizations then work on their operations to improve it according to the needs of the selected one. (Augusto Cauchick Miguel 2014). According to Zhu (2014), it needs to be understood that benchmarking is not a result of imitating the various strategies implemented by the best organizations but it is process of continuous improvement as a result of quantitative techniques and various innovation strategies which are untapped in the current practices. The methodology of the benchmarking involves from selection of the primary product or service of the company, identification of the important parameters of performance metrics, selection of companies, gathering of information on the performance and practices of the selected organization, analyses of the gathered information to know about the potential opportunities for continuous improvement in the business process, and implementation of the various strategies which are being followed by the best in class. The uses of the benchmarking techniques include improvement in the operational efficiency, a better understanding of the opportunities and relative cost position of the company, obtaining a strategic advantage and facilitating information sharing within the organization (Rolstadas 2013). According to Cucoranu (2014), the concept of lean six -sigma is a combination of tools and methods which is used by the present organizations in gaining a competitive advantage. The basic principle focus is on a faster and cost effective means of delivering service to the customers. Six -sigma assists in fixing to defects in the manufacturing process thereby reducing the amount of wastage. It is a powerful toolkit in order to increase the efficiency of a production system. The application of the six sigma technique can be related to any sector of an activity. It may be applied to both products and services (Neufeld et al. 2013). The implementation of this technique begins with understanding of the concept of Criticals to Quality (CTQ). The process also involves DMAIC technique such as define, measure, analyze, improve and control. It is the initial stage for application of six-sigma. The next step is DMADV technique which defines the various phases of defines, measure, analyze, define and verify. This stage is also known as design for six- sigma or DFSS. The final stage of this technique is related to designing and implementation of the observed analysis, (DEMDI). The lean six-sigma is a result oriented approach which focuses on the quality and productivity thereby by increasing the profits (Wei et al. 2012). The error level is identified on the basis of level of significance of the various key constraints, with every increasing level of significance the quality level of service increases. The sixth level of analysis ensures a 99.9996% defects free service or products manufactured. The main objective of six sigma is 3.4 defect free parts per million. The six Apart from improvements in the manufacturing sector, the application of this technique would significantly improve the quality in service industries such as tax returns, baggage handling in airports and various other areas such as driving (accidents per million kilometer driven), and in hospitality sector to reduce the number of deaths per million admitted every year (Newton 2014). According to (Harmon 2014), Business process change by application of lean six-sigma and benchmarking is mainly focused on two areas namely the core business and operations. The primary objective of both the methods results in Total Quality management (TQM). Managers of the big manufacturing concerns have stated that identifying the effective performance measurements aspects is the key to a success of an organization. The benchmarking process in itself is only related to identification the various key components or the opportunities for improvement, whereas lean six-sigma deals with the quantitative treatment and solutions for the various areas identified in the process of benchmarking. The amalgamation of both the measures can redefine the business process and organizations can compete in a better way (Goetsch and Davis 2014). The software engineering institute (SEI) has taken several measures for bringing about improvement in the business process through capability maturity model (CMM). The CMM has guidelines for improving the business process through a five stage evolution model for understanding the maturity levels of the business activities. The level 1 is the initial process which is characterized with various set of activities. The second level is repeatable. In the second level the predetermined project costs are evaluated to track the various cost components. The third level is applicable for both management and engineering tasks and the standards are defined as per the standards of maintaining the software. The level 4 is related to detailed measures of the various process of the software and quantitative understanding of the same. This particular stage is often related to the application of the lean six-sigma technique. The controlling of the activities is done through benchmarking of the various sectors of operation and significance level of various operations is measured by six- sigma (English et al. 2014). The theorists of Business Process Reengineering have paid more importance to the success factors which tend to give return on implementation. In this way companies include only that item which has more value for the business chain and sustainability of the organization. According to Tnnessen (2014), the implementation process of single or both the aforementioned techniques have helped the organization to gain a radical shift in the quality of the services offered. Automobile giant such as Toyota has been implementing both benchmarking and six sigma to achieve continuous improvement. In order to the six sigma procedures Toyota has identified the waste components in their production cycle. The key issues include waiting time, unnecessary motion, defects, over production, inappropriate processing of inventory and excess transportation. The value stream mapping of the various process provide a common ground for application of the quantitative techniques. The application the six sigma implementation ensured that the company is able to reduce its necessary waste components. The result was an overall improvement in the scientific improvement of the various paradigms. The lean six sigma applications have further improved the supply chain operations through improved communication procedure which has led to strategic alliance of the business processes. Bank one has followed the process of continuous improve by application of lean six sigma. The neo division of the bank has been able to implement path finder approach for overall quality improvement and determining the priorities within the business units. Motorola implemented six- sigma in the beginning of 1987 by engineer Bill Smith and the significance mechanism was formulated to reduce the no. of defects PPM. The success of this implementation made the use of quantitative technique popular to incorporate innovation and optimal usage of the available resources. According to Vinayak and Kodali (2013), in a similar way the process of benchmarking was first introduced in Xerox in United Sates, it resulted in showing clear benefits in terms of improvement in the performance in the operations. The implementation of the benchmarking models enabled the organization to facilitate learning process to maintain top quality standards in terms of customer service, improvement in the order of the inventory and an overall improvement in the process. The American Airlines incorporated benchmarking techniques in their business to gain a significant advantage in terms of customer services. The benchmarking process involved performance analysis of customer service of other airlines in the same route, and by including various added facilities in the route such as pre selection of seats, added feature in the purchase of business class ticket and additional luggage on booking of both economy class and business class tickets ensured that the flight is able to del iver compete with other airlines in the industry (Barkham and Saxon 2015). The selected organization of the implementation of lean six- sigma technique and benchmarking has been observed with General Electric (GE) headquartered in Fairfield, Connecticut in the United States. The sigma value of the process involves K times the standard deviation of the selected process the equation is further represented by the equation K* process standard deviation = half tolerance of the specification The application the lean six - sigma in general electric resulted in .002 defects per million produced. In order to implement the process six-sigma model the customers were given the top priority for assessment. The goal of this objective was to determine the specific requirements of the customers. The main objective behind implementation the methodology was to bring an improvement in the product and the service level of in the manufacturing plant operations of the company. Third objective was to improve the overall financial status of the company. The initiation process involved five phases, the first phase being prioritizing or defining the customer needs (D), the second phase involved measurement of the performance (M), which focuses on how the various processes within the organization is measured. The phase included the analysis of the important reasons for the defects and identification the key variables related to the same (A). (Atmaca and Girenes 2013). According to Dubey et al. (2014), the fourth phase was related to identifying the key variables by the process of benchmarking and quantifying their implications on the CTQs. This stage is related to continuous improvement (I). The fifth phase is related to controlling to ensure that the modified process of the various key variables selected from the benchmarking process remained within the acceptable ranges over the time (C). In this way we can observe how the company implemented DMAIC into the process of lean six-sigma model. The engineers involve in the implementation process were provided with 13 days of training at GE which was later reduced to ten days and often referred as Green belt training. In the training process the employees were told about various ways of process mapping, risk management skills and leadership skills required for the analysis. The statistical procedures involved one sample test which was used to compare the mean to the target, two sample test which compa red two means, box and whisker plot to find the differences in the distribution of the data in the graphical representation, chi square test which compared the number of products in a batch or group and a graphical comparison of the same The various testing procedures also involved homogeneity of variance, normal probability distribution charts and finally evaluating the theory with scatter plot (Augusto Cauchick Miguel and Monteiro de Carvalho 2014). Conclusion The exploratory descriptive research finding of this study shows that due to improvement in Total quality management factor (TQM) many companies adopt this technique of six sigma and benchmarking. The various adaptation of lean six- sigma is associated to training professionals who registered under IASSC Certified LeanSix Sigma Black Belt(ICBB) or green belt program. The professionals are well versed with methodology and they lead the companies in implementation of lean six-sigma technique. While implementing benchmarking technique its is crucial for the organizations to consider the element of competitiveness which is necessary to examine the deficiencies in the conventional system of alignment of the strategies (Lawrence and Miller 2015). Reference List Atmaca, E. Girenes, S.S. 2013, "Lean Six Sigma methodology and application", Quality Quantity, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 2107-2127 Augusto Cauchick Miguel, P. and Monteiro de Carvalho, M., 2014. Benchmarking Six Sigma implementation in services companies operating in an emerging economy. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 21(1), pp.62-76. Barkham, M. and Saxon, D., 2015. Benchmarking Studies of Psychotherapy. The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology. Brue, G., 2015. Six Sigma for Managers, (Briefcase Books Series). McGraw Hill Professional. Cucoranu, I.C., Parwani, A.V. and Pantanowitz, L., 2014. Lean Six Sigma. In Practical Informatics for Cytopathology (pp. 113-119). Springer New York. Dubey, R., Singh, T., Samar Ali, S., Venkatesh, V.G. and K. Gupta, O., 2014. Exploring dimensions of firm competencies and their impact on performance: Some exploratory empirical results. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 21(6), pp.1003-1022. English, T.R., Moeller, D. Mills, F. 2015, "Benchmarking the US Healthcare Ventilation Standard with the UK Healthcare Ventilation Standard", ASHRAE Transactions, vol. 121, pp. 1T. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Harmon, P., 2014. Business process change. Morgan Kaufmann. Lawrence, H. and Miller, M.R., 2015. The ATMAE Lean Six Sigma Certification Exam: Why it Matters to You?. Journal of Technology, Management Applied Engineering, 31(3). Meybodi, M.Z. 2013, "Alignment of strategic benchmarking performance measures: a lean manufacturing perspective", Advances in Competitiveness Research, vol. 21, no. 1-2, pp. 14. Neufeld, N.J., Hoyer, E.H., Gonzlez-Fernndez, M., Mehta, M., Walker, N.C., Powers, R.L. and Mayer, R.S., 2013. A lean six sigma quality improvement project to increase discharge paperwork completeness for admission to a comprehensive integrated inpatient rehabilitation program. American Journal of Medical Quality, p.1062860612470486. Newton, I., 2014. Minitab Cookbook. Packt Publishing Ltd. Rigby, D. and Bilodeau, B., 2015. Management Tools Trends 2015. London, Bain Company. Rolstadas, A. ed., 2013. Benchmarkingtheory and practice. Springer. Tnnessen, T., 2014. Business Process Reengineering. In Managing Process Innovation through Exploitation and Exploration (pp. 27-33). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Vinayak, K. and Kodali, R., 2013. Benchmarking the quality function deployment models. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 20(6), pp.825-854. Wei, Y., Zhen, H. and Wen-meng, T., 2012. Research on Identification of Critical-to-Quality Characteristics for Complex Products [J]. Industrial Engineering Journal, 3(15), pp.75-79. Zhu, J., 2014. Quantitative models for performance evaluation and benchmarking: data envelopment analysis with spreadsheets (Vol. 213). Springer.

Pros and Cons of Immigration for the Immigrants

Thousands of immigrants from developing nations migrate to the United States hoping to secure jobs and lead better lives. Immigrants in the United States enjoy numerous economic benefits; nevertheless, they also suffer from a number of socioeconomic challenges. This paper will focus on the pros and cons of immigration to the United States.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Immigration for the Immigrants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the immigrants take the jobs that the Americans dismiss as poorly paid. Despite the nature of the jobs, immigrants get income from the jobs thus raising their living standards. One of the factors that makes people migrate is the desire for a better life. Hence, immigrants enjoy better living standards in the United States relative to their home countries. Most of the immigrants work in the middle and semi-skilled sectors. Consequently, they are assured of ge tting jobs easily since a number of new jobs keep on emerging in these sectors. The United States has a welfare system that caters for all people regardless of their background. Hence, all the immigrants enjoy health and education services at subsidized rates. This aspect in return cuts down on the cost of living. Apart from employment, numerous immigrants have started their own businesses in the country. Currently, Asians and Hispanics have established businesses across the United States. Some of these businesses even do better when compared to those owned by the Americans. The opportunity to invest in business helps the immigrants enhance their living standards. In spite of the economic benefits enjoyed by the immigrants in the United States, the immigrants face a stiff discrimination from the Americans. The Americans blame the immigrants for the seemingly soaring unemployment rates experienced in the country. In addition, increase in the number of immigrants entering the country leads to cheap labor. Most of the immigrants are willing to work for whichever amount of money as long as they get jobs in America; hence, they are willing to take the first job that comes their way. Consequently, some American employers take this opportunity to exploit the immigrants. For instance, such employers hire immigrants at lower wages instead of Americans who ask for higher wages.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Immigrants in the United States face economic insecurity. In spite of the fact that most immigrants work in middle and semi-skilled jobs, the rate of job loss is higher amongst the immigrants than among the Americans. During the economic recess, many immigrants in the United States lost their jobs as companies embarked on cost cutting strategies. Job insecurity among the immigrants is high. In addition, most of the immigrants do not understand the employme nt policies of the United States. Hence, they do not realize when their employers violate their employment rights. Therefore, as aforementioned, some employers take this advantage to exploit immigrants and dismiss them whenever they do not require their services. Language barrier and literacy level inhibit the long-term socioeconomic mobility of the immigrants. Most of the immigrants do not understand English; hence, it is hard for them to interact and work freely with the Americans. Besides, as most of the immigrants are semi-illiterate, it is hard for them to secure jobs in the formal sector. Even though the immigrants enjoy some economic benefits in the United States, they are yet to overcome the numerous negative socioeconomic challenges that affect them. Discrimination and job insecurity are still high in the country; hence, it is hard for immigrants to acquire and retain stable jobs. This essay on Pros and Cons of Immigration for the Immigrants was written and submitted by user Kane Ross to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Vietnam Wars effect on popular music Essays

Vietnam Wars effect on popular music Essays Vietnam Wars effect on popular music Essay Vietnam Wars effect on popular music Essay Over the course of the war, things had changed. Simple, optimistic pop songs that had previously topped the charts had turned into social critiques of the American lifestyle, and sophisticated statements made through the whole running time of an LAP. The American consciousness started to become painfully aware of the reality of the situation during the mid-asss, and this is where the shift in music becomes obvious. Instead of the family oriented hits, things became serious. Bands in the limelight in 1966 were the Birds, Bob Dylan, The Battles, The Beach Boys, The Rolling Stones, The Animals, and Simon and Guarantee. And it wasnt Just about the music anymore, it was about the words too, and how much of a statement an artist could make between the two. ! One of the most significant changes came in the shift from the popularity of the single to the LAP. Through an LAP, an artist could make a statement over the course of 40-50 minutes, not Just 3. The Battles and their groundbreaking LAP Rubber Soul become the first real LAP to contain no filler. It was a series of songs meant to be heard together. The Beach Boys took this a step further with Pet Sounds, a full album of artistic, introspective songs that reaffirmed the LAP as the new meaner of making art through music. Within a year, some of the greatest Alps in music were being released However, this was a change in the delivery in music. Along with this change came three major shifts in music in relation to the Vietnam war. Type A 2: Protest songs, which were songs directly opposed the Vietnam war. Type B 3: War lyric songs, songs that used the Vietnam war as subject matter for the song. Type C 4: Dark songs, ones that were intentionally dark, through lyrics or the music itself. All three of these types had songs written with them in the mid asss, and many overlapped. This shift in music happened very quickly. Many previously popular acts failed to keep up with the changing times and subsequently dropped out of the publics attention. The need to adapt to the changing times, along with the tidal wave that was the British invasion, meant that many older American groups were completely swept away, never to be seen in the charts again.

Obamas election to be the first black president of the USA Essay

Obamas election to be the first black president of the USA - Essay Example There are many opinions some of which the paper takes up relating to essentially two of the political theories. There are many opinions about the methodology of study of political science. Now the question is which study will be best suited to test the empirical or theoretical validity to justify Obama’s selection as the president of U.S. In this respect what study can give us a perfect prediction of Obama’s success in the last general election in U.S.A? Although there is no proven mathematical formula of politics for his success. There is also a debate as to what are the predicted factors that led him to be the president. Political theorists differ about the political prediction in the U.S in recent times over the issue. The paper carefully analyzes the question - Is there any calculative mathematical formulae used for Obama’s success to the chair of the president? The method followed is this paper is that of secondary research encompassing a literature review of four works out of which the works of Ian Shapiro (2002), ‘Problems, Methods and Theories in the Study of Politics’ and that of Peter Guy (2005), ‘Institutional theory in political science’ are the main ones from where two theories have been adopted for the analysis in this paper. Shapiro describes the political scenario of America as a fractured discipline. This theory relates to problem driven and theory driven study of politics. The paper finally focuses on the importance of predictability of the factors leading to a political event adopting the case of Obama’s election. In respect of the research question we can discuss two studies, namely, 1) â€Å"Problems, Methods and Theories in the Study of Politics† by Shapiro (2002): The theory states that the science of American politics is basically a fractured discipline; and 2) â€Å"Institutional theory in political science† by Guy (2005): The theory of institutionalism may be divided into two categories

Diversity Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diversity Paper - Essay Example The supportive personality is more introverted and team-oriented. They are supportive and helpful and thrive in interpersonal relationships. The cautious personality is also reserved and seeks consistency, value and is task-oriented. Their primary focus is on being accurate and correct in their assessments (Rohm, 2004). In addition to these underlying personality traits, many other factors play a role in determining a person’s personality and behavior such as gender, socioeconomic status and sexual orientation. Studies have shown, not surprisingly, that boys are quicker to openly display their temper than are girls. This is because girls are taught from a young age that angry displays are inappropriate and proper control of their emotions is a societal expectation for which they are rewarded. Socially acceptable behavior for girls includes being soft of voice at all times while vocal, outward displays of anger are intolerable. They are taught not to cause hurt feelings or be the cause of another’s anger. Gender stereotypes which are taught from a very early age reinforce to girls the importance of avoiding conflicts and to always act pleasantly, especially in a social setting. Females are expected to be attractive. The less physically attractive she is, the more the girl must take on a subservient role. Girls are also taught to manipulate a situation for their own benefit, but not to control it by being overbearing. There are those examples of girls who actively discard this stereot ype by rebelling against it often by means of intimidating those girls who fall under the ‘normal’ stereotype of which they are rebelling against. The abuse of sex, alcohol and drugs are common aspects of this rebellion. Males who adhere to society’s typical stereotype for suitable behavior and appearance believe they are masters of their own universe. If males are athletic and good-looking, they assume and society confirms that they are

Java Net Business Case For An Internet Cafe Management Essay

Java Net Business Case For An Internet Cafe Management Essay Executive summary: Java Net is a different type of cafà © and it is not like a typical cafe, will give an unparallel assembly for communication and entertainment by the medium of the Internet. Java Net is mainly established for meeting the demand of customer. The customer wants: (1) access to the communication and entertainment website and can get access to search the available information to the Internet, and (2) access to the internet at a lower cost so that they can able to pay and by this way that they arent separated socially, economically, or politically. Java Nets aim is to give the residential with a social, educational, entertaining, environment for universal communication. This cafà © will be established in the place of Central London. This business plan is mainly made for the purpose of getting fund in the amount of  £24,000. The subsidiary funding is necessary to start work on preparation of site and change, buying equipment, and to assess cost in the first year of operations. Additional funding has already been fixed in the figure of: (1) From the Oregon Economic Development Fund, we get  £24,000 (2)  £19,000 of personal savings from owner (3)  £36,000 from three investors (4) and  £9,290 in the form of short-term loans. Java Net will be incorporated as an LLC corporation. It will safeguard the owner thats me, and the three investors who are from outside, Doug Wilson, Luke Walsh, and John Underwood, from matter of personal responsibility and tax which is pay as double. The investors will be considered as shareholders and they may not be responsible spending investment of personally  £12,000 each. The funding which is related to the contribution of capital from the owner which is me, shareholders and the Oregon Economic Development Fund, will permit Java Net to successfully establish and run business operations by year one. The large amount of initial capital investment will permit Java Net to give its customers to present it as entire characteristics of internet cafe. This cafà © is recognized as a unparalleled, up market, and creative environment is necessary to give the customers with an environment that will engender socialization. Successful operation in year one will give Java Net with a customer base that will permit it to be self ample in year two. http://www.bplans.co.uk/internet_cafe_business_plan/images/de0d28745dc64a87bae6f1a1613ffbae.png Objectives Java Net has some objectives for running the operation for three years: The innovation of an unparalleled, up market, creative atmosphere that will diverse Java Net from local coffee houses. Give an understanding to the community about the Internet service that is what they offer or what their facilities are. The establishment of an environment that will attract people with various interests and settings together in a common forum. To provide a very good coffee and the bakery items at a reasonable and fair price. Easily available of internet resources and other facilities of online. Keys to Success The main factors which are involved in the success of Java Net: The innovation of an unparalleled, creative, up market atmosphere that will add as the new features of Java Net and differentiate it from other competitors such as: local coffee shop and prospective internet cafes. The formation of Java Net as a residential centre for communication, socialization and entertainment. The innovation of an environment that wont restrain the user who are initiator. Java Net will set up its position itself as one of main educational resource for individuals wanted to find out about their internet facilities and alternatives. Good coffee and bakery items. Mission Due to the increment of popularity of the Internet which is continually growing at an exponential rate, easy and low cost entry  is rapidly becoming an essential of life. Java Net gives communities with the capacity to enter the Internet, take a cup of coffee, and enjoy Internet experiences in a comfortable environment. All ages and any backgrounds of people will come to enjoy the unparalleled, up market, educational, and creative environment that Java Net offers. Risks The risks consisted with starting Java Net are: Will there be a need for the services provided by Java Net in UK? Will the popularity of the Internet regular to grow, or is the Internet on less popularity? Will individuals be interested to pay for the service Java Net provides? Will the cost of entering the Internet from home drop so necessarily that there may not be a market for the Internet Cafes such as Java Net? Task 2: 1.2 Literature review: Java Net, soon to be established in Central London on 10th and Oak, will provide the community easy and affordable entry to the Internet. Java Net will offer entire access to email, WWW, FTP, Usenet and all other Internet applications such as Telnet and Gopher. Java Net will also give customers with an unparalleled and creative location for enjoying great coffee, special beverages, and bakery items. Java Net will in sort to all ages and backgrounds of customers. The instructional Internet classes, and the assisted staff that Java Net offers, will in sort to the audience that does not link themselves with the age of computer. This aspect of education will pull members such as younger and elder of the community who are quickly attaining involvement in the unparalleled resources that communicate through online have to provide. The downtown place will give business people with convenient access with their morning coffee and online requirement. Java Net is a privately under by Oregon Limited Liability Corporation. Cale Bruckner, the founder of Java Net, is the majority owner. Luke Walsh, Doug Wilson, and John Underwood, all sustain minority position of stock as private investors. Task 3: Information about market Java Net is meeting with the opportunity as stimulated of being the step-mover in the cyber-cafe market. The coherent quality of coffee, aggregate with the increasing interest in the Internet, has been established to be a gaining concept in related markets and it will produce the same results in other market. There are some factors such as current tendency, habituation, and sales data assure that the high requirement for coffee will continue invariable more than the next five years. The quick development of the Internet and online services which has been found there is only the tip of the iceberg. The possible development of the Internet is tremendous, to the item while one day, a computer terminal with the connection of online will be as usual and requirement as a telephone. It can be 10 or 20 years downward the road, but since the next five years, the service of online supplier market is certain to feel enormous development. As a modern cyber-cafe in London, Java Net will enjoy the spontaneous advantages of name identification and customer commitment. At first, Java Net will maintain a 100 % share of the market of the cyber-cafe here in UK. Since the following five years, competitors will access the market. Java Net has established an aim to hold more than a market share of 50 percent. Assignment 2: Task 1: Project resources: Java Net will give full enter to email such as, WWW, FTP, Usenet and other Internet using for example: Telnet and Gopher. With the Internet system, printing, scanning, and introductory courses will also be available to the customer. Java Net will also offer customers with an unparalleled and creative environment for enjoying the great coffee, special beverages and delicious bakery items. Competitive Comparison Java Net will be the most Internet cafe in Central London. Java Net will vary itself from the strictly-coffee cafes in London by offering its customers with combination of Internet and services of computing. Service Description Java Net will provide its customers with complete enter to the Internet and usual computer software and hardware. There are some valuable services of the Internet and computing accessories available to Java Net customers are mentioned below: Enter to external email accounts of POP3. Customers can sign up for an email account of Java Net. This account will mainly be controlled by the server of Java Net and accessible from computer systems exterior the Java Net network. FTP, Telnet, Gopher, and other popular Internet application will be used. Enter to browser of Netscape or Internet Explorer. Application of laser and color printing. Enter to recognized and more using software applications such as: Adobe Photo Shop and Microsoft Word. Java Net will also offer its customers with enter to basic classes of Internet and email. These classes will be started in the afternoon and in the evening time. By taking these classes, Java Net will establish a loyalty to the customers to its services. The computers, accessories, Internet access, and the classes couldnt mention half of the action if carried out of the environment Java Net will provide. Special offer such as: a good coffee, special drinks, bakery related items, and a comfortable environment will offer Java Net customers bring in the cafà © from the far away from home. It will be considered as a place to enjoy the facility of computing in a comfortable and well-designed environment. Fulfillment Java Net will attain the support of computer and Internet entrance from British Telecom Company who provided the support of internet service located in UK. That company will offer the connections of internet, network looking up, and the hardware necessary to operate the Java Network. Allan Brothers will offer Java Net with coffee material, mass coffee, and paper supplies. At this time, the contract for the bakery related items has not been finished. Java Net is presently managing with Humble Bagel and the French horn to fulfill the requirement. Task 2 3: Technology Java Net will spend money in high-velocity computers to offer its customers with a quick and effective link to the Internet. The computers will be authentic and amusing to work with. Java Net will extend to promote and change the method to remain present with the technology of communications. Other main interests is connected with Internet cafes, which is the equipment art and it is available there and the other facility is that not each person has the pc of Pentium on their office or home. Future Services Since Java Net develops, more technology of communications systems will be included. The hypothesis of supplemental units has been responsible for in the present plan of floor. Since the need for connectivity of internet grows, on with the growth in competition, Java Net will extend to include modern services to sustain its customer base return back for more. Start-up Summary Java Nets costs of business commencement will cover the equipment of coffee making, site redevelopment and change, arrange capital to adjust with losses in the first year, and the equipment of communications require to receive its customers online. The equipment of communications is important to offer Java Nets customers with a quick link to the Internet and the coffee services which have to provide to create a large proportion of the commencement cost. And these costs will incur the terminal of computer and total costs included with their establishment. Costs will also be incurring for the buying of two laser printers and a scanner. Not only this, costs will be arranged for the buying of the instrument of coffee preparing. Minor additional instrument, a office grinder, one espresso machine which will be buying from other suppliers. The site at Central London will need the funds for redevelopment and change. A single calculated figure will be distributed for this objective. The restoration cost estimate will add the cost which is related with preparing the site for opening business. Initial cost includes: Computers 11 =  £22,000 Printers 2 =  £1,000 Scanner 1 =  £500 System software =  £810 Espresso machine 1 =  £10,700 Automatic espresso grinder 1=  £795 Repairs and restructuring: Coffee /food preparation counters2 =  £1,000 Information display counter 1 =  £1,000 Drinking /eating counter =  £500 Stools 16 =  £1,600 Computer desks with chairs 6 =  £2,400 Items of stationery =  £500 Telephones 2 =  £200 Cost of decoration =  £13,000 http://www.bplans.co.uk/internet_cafe_business_plan/images/4883bc74c1e54d4c89bb4b085170c732.png Start-up Necessary things: Initial cost Cost on legal matters Cost of stationary Brochures Advisors Insurance Rent Coffee machine Grinder of bean Printer scanner, system software etc. Line of communication Fixtures/Remodel Total initial cost Initial capital Cash Required Initial stock Other Current Assets Long-term Assets Total Assets Total Requirements Location of Company and opportunities A site has been chosen at Central London in UK. This site is selected for various reasons, including: Closeness to the downtown business group. Closeness to trendy, up market restaurants. Closeness to London over ground Station. Parking availability. Renting cost is low  £.85 per square foot for 1700 square feet. High visibility. These qualities are coherent with Java Nets aim of offering a main part of communication and socialization for the British community. Assignment 3: Task1. Implementation of the project: Java Net usually uses three crucial strategies. Firstly: they concentrate on pulling new user of Internet. By offering friendly environment to a new user, Java Net expects to teach and train a loyal customer base. Secondly, which is the most important strategy concentrates on attracting in strength Internet users. Strength Internet users are enormously associated with the Internet and its services. Here, a large group of customers get the service from the Java Net. Power users should have the knowledge, understanding and experience of web-browsing that novice Internet users feel interesting and exciting. The third and the last strategy emphasize on establishing a social environment for the customer of Java Net. A social environment, that gives entertainment, will assist to pull customers that couldnt usually concentrate about utilizing the Internet. In former in place at Java Net, the group of customers that occurred for the over standard entertainment offerings, will recognize the prospective entertainment scope the Internet can offer. Strategy Pyramid The following subtle offer a concept of Java Nets three basic strategies. Strategy pyramid graphics are demonstrated in the appendix of this plan. Attract beginner Internet Users Java Nets first strategy focuses on attracting beginner Internet users. Java Net plans on attracting these customers by: Offering a friendly and social environment for new users. Java Net will be served through qualified personnel concentrated on serving the customers requirement. Java net arranges a customer service desk will always be served. If a customer has any type of query or matter, Java Net personnel will always be available to do help. Java Net will provide basic classes on the subject of Internet and email. These classes will be plan in such a way that can help novice users recognize themselves with these basic tools and the Java Net computer systems. Competitive Edge Java Net will focus on the strategy of differentiation to achieve a competitive advantage in this sort of cafe market. While offering the service of internet, Java Net distinguishes itself from other cafe and creates competition with all other cafes in UK. In addition, Java Net offers a relaxed environment with a coffee and bakery related items; differentiate itself from other Internet servicers in UK. Task 2 : Marketing Strategy Java Net will place itself as an up market coffee house and the most attractive service provider of internet. It will provide Standard quality coffee and drinks of different taste with a reasonable and competitive price. Because of the larger number of cafes in UK, it is necessary that Java Net establishes reasonable prices for its coffee. Java Net will apply the technique of advertising as it is considered as the main source of promotion. The cafà © opening with an add which will be a coupon for a free one hour of Internet usuage. In addition, Java Net will offer away three hours of internet using which is free use to novices who sign up for a basic to the Internet workshop giving by Java Net. Pricing Strategy Java Net mainly depends on the value of coffee and drinks of different taste on the analysis of retail profit provided by our supplier, Allan Brothers Coffee Co., Inc. Allan Brothers, which has been in this sort of coffee business for almost of 22 years and has established a proper pricing strategy. Establishing a reasonable market on the basis of hourly price, it is more difficult to use online because there is no such type of direct rivalry from another cyber-cafe in area. Therefore, Java Net will consider three main sources to establish the hourly charging rate. First, we concentrate the cost to use other Internet service provider; either it is the firm of local networking or UK online provider. The supplier of internet access applies various schemes of pricing. Some charges are fixed as on the basis of monthly hours, where other supplier charges the fee on the basis of hourly rate. In addition, some servicers apply a strategy with a blend of equally pricing schemes. By this, Java Net may promptly fix or charged more internet service fee for an individual at a monthly basis. Second, Java Net also concentrates about the market of other internet user. Third, Java Net may do a market survey on current market condition. By analyzing these three factors Java Net fix the hourly pri ce of $5. Promotion Strategy Java Net will mainly apply strategy of pull for increasing the consciousness and their demand. Primarily, Java Net has fixed its initial budget of  £5,000 in order to promotional sector which will consists of promoting to manage the coupons system for the free time of internet using which is free on the basis of publication of local and the promotion of house for example: providing customers the free time using more internet if the payment will be cleared initially by Java net. Java Net assumes that if competition increase that means new competitors access the internet business market, Java Net has to spend more money for the sector of advertising for increasing their sales for leading in case of market share. Sales Strategy Because of the retail business of Java Net, they recruit personnel for maintaining the transaction of daily or monthly sales and for these employees they should have the proficiency I computer or should have the good computer knowledge. There is another option on Java Net that is if the employees are not computer experts then they are trained by the expert technician of Java Net. These full time technicians of Java Net are always ready for assisting the customers. for distinguishes the services of Java Net from their competitors, they committed to provide friendly and helpful services which is considered as the key success factor for them. Task 3: Forecasting of sales Data for sales forecasting are now presented by the table and graph below: Sales: here, Java Net is mainly relied on their coffee item and sales of espresso in order the financial information supplied by Allann Bros Coffee Co to the Java Net.  Their sales of internet are measured by estimating the hours total in related to the terminal on each day and after that they have to also estimate the numbers of hours of consumer use. Cost of goods sold: products which are coffee related, its cost of sales are mainly measured by the analysis of the retail profit which is mainly receive from Allann Bros. Coffee Co. here, coffee related items that is bakery items costs are the 20 percent of the selling price . The internet using cost is  £660 as monthly basis which have to pay as the networking fees to Bellevue company. E-mail account fees is also the selling price of 25%. http://www.bplans.co.uk/internet_cafe_business_plan/images/8c7fccef4de3487f96da6cfe7a3c659d.png http://www.bplans.co.uk/internet_cafe_business_plan/images/8bb6be51251041fcb8d2972b6013b98f.png Conclusion: Java Net, soon to be established in Central London on 10th and Oak, will provide the community easy and affordable entry to the Internet. And I produced the report of business research on the new service of establishment of this company in UK. Java Net will provide its customers with complete enter to the Internet and usual computer software and hardware. Java Net is meeting with the opportunity as stimulated of being the step-mover in the cyber-cafe market. The coherent quality of coffee, aggregate with the increasing interest in the Internet, has been established to be a gaining concept in other markets and will produce the same results in other market. Java Net will be the most Internet cafe in Central London. Java Net will vary itself from the strictly-coffee cafes in London by offering its customers with combination of Internet and services of computing. Java Net will give full enter to email, WWW, FTP, Usenet and other Internet using for example: Telnet and Gopher. With the Int ernet system, printing, scanning, and introductory courses will also be available to the customer. Java Net will also offer customers with an unparalleled and creative environment for enjoying great coffee, specialty beverages, and bakery items. The main purpose of writing this report is to show the benefit of doing business on internet cafe which is most profitable and reasonable.

Ethics and Communication

RESEARCH PAPER ON: ETHICS AND COMMUNICATION Abstract It’s obvious that technology has played a huge role in the way we conduct business today. Have these technological advances created a new breed of easily distracted, inefficient employees? Are employees cheating their own corporations out of time, money, and overall productivity? Many agree that the advent of email, instant messaging, and the world-wide-web have created an easy way for employees to take unnoticed and unregulated personal breaks throughout the work day. Beyond the lack of productivity created by these employees, this type of behavior also has the potential to create other serious problems for the organization. For these reasons, many employers must decide whether or not to implement internet usage policies. Many of these policies may even use monitoring devices for email, IM, and website history. We will examine the ethics and the consequences of employees taking personal time on the company dime. Ethics and Communication: Personal Time on the Company Dime In the workplace, there are numerous ways for employees to communicate with co-workers, friends, and family. Traditional communication channels were limited to phone, mail, and face-to-face interaction. Technological advances over the last twenty years have given employees a surplus of new ways to communicate. Employees now have the ability to use e-mail, instant messaging, text messaging, face-to-face video-conferencing, and networking websites such as Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter. All of these new electronic capabilities have enabled employees to contact friends and family within seconds. There is no question that these technological advancements have improved our quality of life. In contrast, they have also decreased the overall productivity of many employees. Employees across the globe are taking advantage of these available resources and using them for personal time at work. According to a survey taken in 2005 by Salary. com and AOL, more than 10,000 employees admitted to wasting an average of 2. 09 hours per day (Sahadi, 2005). This study showed that the time wasted by employees in 2005 totaled around $759 billion (Sahadi, 2005). These figures illustrate the economic severity of allowing employees to use their work time for personal reasons. Studies have shown that e-mail is the most widely abused way of stealing company time. According to a survey by Harris Interactive, â€Å"55% of the 1,711 respondents said that they send and receive personal  e-mail  on their work accounts. † (Schweitzer, 2007). This clearly lowers productivity. However, there are many other negatives associated with using personal e-mail in the workplace. Many viruses are spread through e-mail attachments. Viruses can destroy important files, hardware, and entire networks. Also many personal e-mail accounts are highly vulnerable to hackers who gain unauthorized access in order to steal financial data or critical trade secrets. An electronic disaster like this could cost a corporation millions of dollars. An additional nuisance caused by using work accounts for personal use is excessive â€Å"spam†, or junk e-mail. According to a study by Nucleus Research Inc. in 2003, the average employee receives 13. 3 spam e-mail messages per day (NRI, 2003). N. R. I. lso found that in 2003 â€Å"spam† will cost the average organization 1. 4% in productivity, or $874 per employee per year (NRI, 2003). As the research confirms, the use of personal e-mail at work has the potential to be devastating for corporations and its employees. The ethical option for all employees is to resist using work e-mail accounts for personal matters. Additionally, they should avoid using their personal e-mai l accounts at work. Instant messaging is a different tool that many employees utilize to chat with co-workers, family, and friends while at their desks. Instant messaging services such as AIM or Yahoo! Messenger offer free instant messaging by simply downloading the software. It enables employees to chat in real time with people all over the world. Unfortunately, these instant messaging services are highly unsecured. They are easy targets for hackers looking to steal important corporate information. These programs also allow the transfer of files from one user to another with ease. This makes the transfer of viruses just as easy. Also, IM’s are an easy way for disgruntled employees to spread confidential information to competitors (Gaudin, 2002). Many co-workers like to use instant messaging for its ease and speed when working on projects. However, some of these employees also use the technology as an electronic â€Å"water cooler† to gossip and chit-chat. They are now able to talk without having to keep an eye out for the boss; thus sacrificing productivity. Generally, instant messaging should be used very carefully by employees to avoid any of the headaches it can create. Many people in the U. S. spend a large amount of their free time surfing the web. This habit tends to transfer over to their work time. According to the 2005 [email  protected] survey, â€Å"93% of all employees in the U. S. spend at least some of their time at work accessing the Web, up from 86% a year ago† (CNN, 2005). Of that 93%, they spend an average of 3. 4 hours per week surfing the internet for non-work related reasons (CNN, 2005). The survey also asked a very interesting question; â€Å"Which would you rather give up, your morning coffee or your internet connection at work? † (CNN, 2005). Over half of the respondents chose to give up their caffeine addiction; perhaps these employees are also â€Å"addictedâ€Å" to surfing the net. The most popular sites to visit among employees are news sites, online banking sites, and online shopping sites. Some employees even admitted to visiting pornographic websites while at work. Pornographic websites are breeding grounds for viruses, spyware, adware, and many other programs that can destroy company computers and networks. There are also legal issues that can arise from inappropriate â€Å"surfing†. If any other employees are exposed to these pornographic images, a sexual harassment complaint could be filed. The corporation can then be held liable. As an employee, it’s important to be ethical in the manner you use the internet. All employees need to understand that the websites they visit at work not only reflect themselves, but the company as a whole. All of the various problems associated with personal e-mailing, instant messaging, and surfing the web need to be addressed by management. First, it is important that the corporation has a strong code of ethics. Many of these issues could be avoided by implementing and enforcing a strong code of ethics throughout every level of the organization. The next step is to create an internet usage policy. There are many disagreements between managers regarding how strict these policies should be. For example, many employers advise a â€Å"zero tolerance† policy. This type of policy restricts any and all use of company resources for personal use. Some managers feel this type of policy is even more harmful to overall productivity than no policy at all. Geoff Haggart of WebSense comments; â€Å"The solution lies in balancing employees' needs for personal use of the Web at work without draining overall productivity, morale of the company's bottom line. (CNN, 2005). I agree with this rationale. I think the key is making sure that there is a limited amount of free time that employees receive in order to take care of appropriate personal matters while at work. Additionally, it is important that management is very clear in their definition of what is appropriate and what is not. There is no room for a gray area in a usage policy. Af ter the guidelines are set, a monitoring system should be set up to enforce the policies. Many employees complain about the lack of privacy in monitoring employees. I agree that employers should try to keep employees happy; however, I feel this is a sacrifice that management should be willing to make. Either way, corporations have the right to monitor any employee’s e-mail and internet use. In my opinion, employee monitoring is necessary in order to protect the corporation from the many dangers of irresponsible internet usage. In conclusion, it’s important that employees and employers are on the same page when it comes to the responsible use of electronic resources. Employees should be ethical and monitor their own use of company resources for personal matters. Likewise, employers need to recognize that some employees need short breaks throughout the work day to stay productive. Like many things in life, a compromise between the two is necessary to ensure a pleasant and productive work environment. References Sahadi, Jeanne. (2005). Power Slacking On The Job. CNN. com. Retrieved September 17, 2009, from http://money. cnn. com/2005/07/08/pf/wastedtime_job/ Schweitzer, Tamara. (2007). Seven Out of 10 Employees Admit to Abusing Office Computers, Phones. INC. com. Retrieved September 22, 2009, from http://www. nc. com/news/articles/200701/workers. html Gaudin, Sharon. (2002). IM Security Risks Spark Workplace Monitoring Debate. Datamation. Retrieved September 25, 2009, from http://itmanagement. earthweb. com/secu/article. php/1458241 Spam: The Silent ROI Killer. (2003) Nuclear Research Inc. Retrieved September 26, 2009, from http://www. spamhelp. org/articles/d59. pdf Web surfing ‘as addictive as coffee'. (2005, March 19). CNN. Retrieved September 26, 2009, from http://edition. cnn. com/2005/BUSINESS/05/19/web. work/index. html

Female Education and Economic Growth

Female Education and Economic Growth Case Study Of India Economic growth in India India is classified as a lower middle income country, and since 2011 is no longer regarded as a developing country (World Bank Database, 2012) due to recent high economic growth (Kohli, 2006). In 2010, the country had a real GDP growth of 8. 8 percent and a nominal GDP per capita of 1410. 3 dollars (World Bank Database, 2012). According to AT Kearney, an International consulting group (Rao & Varghese, 2009), India is ranked as one of the best countries to start a new business in.The foreign investment rate, might be a proof of that. The ministry of finance in India believes it will reach almost 40 percent of the GDP by 2013. Not only the foreign investments have increased but the domestic savings and investments has also gone up and were about 30 percent of the GDP in 2009 (Rao & Varghese, 2009). The ratio of poor people6 has decreased from 45. 3 percent to 29. 8 percent between year 2000 and 2010 (Worl d Bank Database, 2012). Even if poverty has decreased one third of the population is still thought to be poor (World Bank Database, 2012).Poverty negatively affects the opportunity for many to be able to enroll in school negatively. The state has a major role to mass educate the population and increase human capital (Duraisamy, 2001). One of the most important ways to do that is to reduce the fertility rate. It is one of the major components to long-term economic growth in India (Dreze & Murthi, 2001; Tilak, 2006; World Bank, 1997; Yadava & Chadney, 1994). A lower fertility rate means a higher GDP per capita (Weil, 2009), and more money to invest in the country and its inhabitants (World Bank, 1997). Education in India The 1. billion people (World Bank Database, 2012) of India's 28 states, together with its seven union territories, do not speak the same language, do not share the same culture and do not have the same religious beliefs. Educational system differs in the respective st ates due to the fact that it is partly regulated by the state and partly by the local government (Kajisa ; Palanichamy, 2009; World Bank, 1997; World Bank, 2004). In 1999 India spent 4. 5 percent of its total GDP on education, but spending on education has declined since then. In 2006, spending dropped to 3. 1 percent (World Bank Database, 2012).Article 45 in the Indian Constitution states: â€Å"†¦ for free and compulsory education for all children until they reach the age of 14† (in Andreosso-O'Callaghan, 2003). 7 As can be seen in article 45, ambitions have been high since 1960s. In year 2000 approximately 18. 5 million children were out of school. In 2007 the number was 4. 9 million. Primary completion rate also increased and in 2008 it was around 95 percent, for both males and females8 (World Bank, 2012). The quality of governmental schools has been questioned in India (Duraisamy, 2001). Even if the completion rate in primary schooling is high, literacy rate is not reflecting that.Between year 2000 and 2006 there has been little change in the literacy rates, which was just under 50 percent for females and approximately 75 percent for males (2006) (World Bank, 2012). Some argue that good quality schooling is only available for the rich and higher middle class in private schools, especially for boys (Andreosso-O'Callaghan, 2003). According to Easterly (Andreosso-O'Callaghan, 2003) elite education does not lead to economic growth. If ability is seen as innate, it means that the majority of the people who are not included in the elite will not be able to use their full potential.This is a great social loss, and might slow down India's future long-term economic growth (Esteve- Volart, 2004; Klasen, 2002; Rao ; Varghese, 2009). For example, in China, mass education has been the key to a fast growing economy (Andreosso-O'Callaghan, 2003). Chatterji (2008) claims that primary education has the highest correlation with economic growth in India, seconda ry education have some effect and tertiary education being insignificant to economic growth. The reason Chatterji (2008) came to that conclusion might be the debated â€Å"surplus of education† in the media.India supplied domestic labor market with 22 million graduates (2009) and faced high youth unemployment rates (Rao & Varghese, 2009). However, Tilak (2007) disagrees. According to him higher education has a significant effect on economic growth, but it is not as strong as the effects of primary and secondary education on economic growth in India. Female education in India As mentioned above approximately 18. 5 million were out of school in the year of 2000, almost 75 percent of these children were girls9. Out of 5 million children out of school in 2007, 3. 5 million were girls.The data indicates that ratio is still approximately the same. In year 2007 the expected years of education for women and men respectively was 10. 9 for males and 9. 8 for females. However, this was not reflected on the average years of schooling in 2010. The mean years of schooling for girls over the age of 15 were approximately 4. 5 years and about 7 years for boys (World Bank, 2012). 10 Figure 1: Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance (World Bank Database, 2012). As can be seen in figure 1, gross female school enrollment11 rate has increased for all levels in India between 1990 and 2010.The highest increase has been in primary education after the millenium and forward. The high percentage rate of female enrollment rate in primary schooling might be an indication that women in all ages are enrolling in school, independent from appropriate primary schooling age in the country. This might be due to an increase in informal schooling, which will be reviewed later in the paper. Secondary schooling is spiriling up as well, which might be due to an increase of the middle class in India. However, tertiary education does not have as high increa se in enrollment as primary and secondary schooling.This might as well be due to an increase of the middle class. Females staying at home is a sign of financial stability (Duraisamy, 2001), therefore the incentives to enroll in tertiary education might decrease. Figure 2: When figure 1, is compared to figure 2, which shows the trends for male schooling in India between 1990-2010, it is possible to see that the gap between male and female enrollment is closing. In the beginning of 1990 almost 110 percent of males were enrolled in primary schooling, whilst only 80 percent of females were enrolled in the same level.In 2010 the enrollment for males and females is almost the same. This might be because of subsidies for girls, but also that informal schooling which first of all targets females and the poor has showed results. The enrollment for male secondary schooling has slightly increased during the last two decades, while the female secondary enrollment significantly has increased. Th is might be due to the facts mentioned for primary schooling, as well as completion of primary schooling and therefore the ability to move on to the next level of schooling.The increase of the middle class might also be a reason for this. Tertiary schooling is moving in the same pace more or less both for males and females, slightly more males than females join higher education. Which might be an indicator that the most bright ones, or with the most money have the ability to join, independent of gender. It is also important to mention the states hard work since the 1960's to make its inhabitants see the positive sides with education, working hard for families to see the benefits of schooling for girls.A woman's socioeconomic background might affect the level of completion rate. If a family is poor, one rather invests in sons than daughters (Chaudhri & Jha, 2011; World Bank, 1997). Women from the middle class in the majority of cases finish at least primary education, irrespectively if they live in rural or urban area. Women from the upper class in the urban areas, usually have at least secondary education, and more often can chose if they want to become a part of the labor force or not. There are few or no social barriers prohibiting them from joining the labor market (World Bank, 1997).Duraisamy (2001) came to the conclusion that female education has a positive rate of return for all levels of education in India. World Bank (1997) came to the same conclusion, but only when participation in the labor market was not accounted. One reason for this might be that majority of women do not work after finishing school but become stay at home mothers. Therefore education for women might not give the same economic return on the investment compared to men who join the labor force and therefore contribute to increased income per capita.This finding might be questioned due to exclusions of positive externalities mentioned earlier in the paper. Before continuing on and rev iewing the impacts of female education on economic growth through a decline in fertility rate and increase in human capital, it is important to clarify the diversity in India. In the 1990s some states had almost universal education, such as the southern state of Kerala. In Kerala, both men and women can choose whether to join the labor force or not. In other parts of the country, such as states of Bihar and Rajasthan, overall female enrollment was about 50 percent.In Punjab on the other hand, an agricultural state in the north, overall female enrollment was almost 80 percent, but labor participation for women was extremely low (World Bank, 1997; World Bank, 2004). Female education's effect on fertility rate in India Dreze and Murthi (2001) argue that female education together with low mortality rate and low son- preference are the only significant factors reducing fertility rate in India. They add that modernization and urbanization, poverty reduction and male literacy have no signi ficant association with reduced fertility rate.On a national level, a drop in fertility rate reduces population growth and therefore increases income per capita. A lower mortality rate is indirectly affected by female education. According to the World Bank (1997; 2004) literate women have more knowledge about how to feed their children; they grasp the importance of hygiene and clean water, and know more about a child's basic health. This decreases child mortality, and therefore women does not have to plan for as many children (Dreze and Murthi, 2001; Yadava & Chadney, 1994). Figure 3:Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance (World Bank Database, 2012). Figure 4: Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance (World Bank Database, 2012). In figure three and four one can view that fertility rate and mortality rate have decreased significantly in the last 20 years. Majority of the scholars such as Klasen (2002) cla im that only secondary female education has a direct effect on reducing fertility rate while primary education has an indirect effect in reducing fertility rate through reducing mortality rate for children under the age of five.Comparing figures one, two and three one can comprehend that it might be true. Mortality rate has had a higher percentage decrease than fertility rate and primary female enrollment is higher than secondary. There is a strong son-preference in India. Parents might continue to have children until they get a son. A weaker son-preference could decrease the fertility rate by eight percent (Dreze and Murthi, 2001; Chaudhri & Jha, 2011; Esteve-Volart, 2004; Mutharayappa, Choe, Arnold & Roy, 1997; Yadava & Chadney, 1994).Some argue that modernization did not show to have any direct effect on fertility rate in India but might lower son-preference indirectly through female education. However, this might not only be true for female education solely, but for education in general as well (Dreze & Murthi, 2001; Yadava & Chadney, 1994). 13 In India, female secondary education has a stronger direct effect in reducing fertility rate, than primary education. An educated woman might not desire as many children as an uneducated one. They also have a higher probability to give birth to as many children as desired.Thus, the actual family size has a higher chance to be close to the desired. This indicates to an increased knowledge of contraception use and that educated women marry later than uneducated ones. The income and substitution effect both occur in India, as explained above (Dreze & Murthi, 2004). In 1994 in Gujarat, women with no education had 3. 6 children, mothers with primary education had 3. 3 children, and women who had completed secondary school had 2. 4 children. In Rajasthan the fertility rate in 1991 was 6, and in Kerala the fertility rate the same year was 2. 6.The rate of female enrollment in these states was very different, from almost un iversal in Kerala to less than 50 percent in Rajasthan (Mutharayappa, Choe, Arnold & Roy, 1997; World Bank 1997; 2004). 14 It is commonly believed that poverty has a significant positive effect on fertility rate. As mentioned earlier, Dreze and Murthi (2001) have not found any association between poverty and fertility rate in India. Studies have shown that parents do not view children as financial assets. Instead they are seen as a financial burden in short-term, with a possibility that sons will take care of them in old age.This perception in India seems to be independent of income. Female education's effect on human capital in India After China, India has the second largest labor force in the world, of approximately 500 million people (Rao ; Varghese, 2009; Sahoo ; Kumar Dash, 2009). This is a possible foundation for high productivity and therefore economic growth. However, if the population is unhealthy, illiterate and uneducated then the large population might not translate into a high human capital. In India, where majority of the mothers stay at home, they are the ones taking care of children's health needs (Esteve-Volart, 2004).There has been shown, not only in India, but in the whole world, that mothers who are literate have more nurtured and healthier children, than their illiterate counterpart (Tembon & Fort, 2008). Therefore female education has shown to be both directly (through women joining the labor force) and indirectly related to a higher human capital, hence higher economic growth. Good health and nutrition received in early age is an important condition for good health as an adult. For example, in India, vaccination against polio and malaria increases when a mother is educated to some extent (World Bank 1997).However the causality between female education and better health and attainment in school can be questioned. The poorest women have the least access to education in India, and therefore do not have access to financial assets as educated women might have. Healthy children facilitate mother's ability to go back to paid or un-paid work much faster than women who have unhealthy children (World Bank, 1997; 2004). This means that the opportunity cost of female education for girls decrease, if mothers and siblings are healthier. This might increase female enrollment, and decrease drop-out rate among girls.Therefore, an increase in knowledge of basic health due to female education increases human capital in more than one way (Esteve-Volart, 2004; Rao ; Varghese, 2009). In the majority of cases, fathers join the labor market while mothers stay at home, especially in rural areas. In India there is a positive relation between educated mothers and their children's achievements in school. Studies have shown that a mother's education increases not only the health and therefore concentration level of a child in school, but also the motivation and grades.Once again we can see that educated mothers have positive effects on their d aughters. Educated mothers, especially in urban areas, encourage their daughters more often to strive for a higher education, than uneducated ones (World Bank, 2004). Policies that promote female education in India The Indian government has been working hard since the late 1960s to be able to give universal education to its population (Duraisamy, 2001; Tilak, 2006). It is not the easiest task in India where the population grew from approximately 890 million in 1991 to over 1. billion in 2010. The hardest ones to reach are the Dalit15 girls. Indian government has tried to increase the demand for education for them through subventioning the direct costs of their education, for example text books and uniforms (Ferry, 2008;Munshi ; Rosenzweig, 2006). 16 A project that started in the 1980s in India was informal schooling. The purpose was and is mass education for those who had the least possibilities to enter formal schooling and provide basic knowledge in subjects that students can use in their everyday life.These schools reduce opportunity cost of female education through having schools closer to communities in rural areas and during the day when girls do not have to be involved in household work. There are many positive effects of informal schooling, which are similar to those of primary education. However, the national institute of educational planning and administration reported that the informal education had several weaknesses, especially in the poorest areas in the country like Bihar.It was said to be underfunded, curriculum was thought by unmotivated teachers and few children continued with formal education (World Bank, 1997). Studies made in urban Mumbai shows that some girls from former casteless groups, the Dalits, have been the biggest winners. These women used free education offered to them and became active members of the labor market and have taken themselves out of the poverty trap. In contrast to women from the middle class who might not have been able to do so because of the social norms (Ferry, 2008).In summation, the key factor for long-term economic growth in India is a decrease in fertility rate. The proof that female education affects economic growth through fertility rate reflects findings of Dreze and Murthi (2001) who argue that the only factors which decrease fertility rate in India are female education, low mortality rate and low son-preference. It is also proven that female education has both direct and indirect effect on human capital which creates effect on economic growth as well. Obstacles for female education in India are mainly related to social and cultural norms, as well as a high population.